funding of GNERD and implementation of GERD in France between 1992 and 2012

Higher education
& Research in France,
facts and figures

Higher education & research in France, facts and figures

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A2 funding of GNERD and implementation of GERD in France between 1992 and 2012

	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996 ²	1997 ²	1998	1999	2000 ²	2001 ²	2002	2003	2004 ³	2005 ⁴	2006 ⁵	2007	2008	2009 ^r ⁷	2010 ⁸	2011	2012 ⁹	2013 [10]
GNERD (in €M)	26,229	27,003	26,995	27,563	28,091	28,005	28,724	29,885	31,438	33,570	34,759	34,395	35,327	36,654	38,738	40,106	42,190	43,411	44,841	46,474	48,446
as % of GDP [11]	2.31	2.35	2.28	2.25	2.23	2.15	2.11	2.12	2.12	2.17	2.18	2.10	2.06	2.07	2.09	2.06	2.11	2.24	2.24	2.26	2.32
Gross national government expenditure on R&D (in €M) ¹	13,460	13,695	13,527	13,647	13,718	12,980	12,859	13,267	14,272	14,673	15,677	15,891	16,239	16,921	17,545	17,990	19,324	18,850	19,172	19,097	19,605
as % of GDP	1.18	1.19	1.14	1.11	1.09	1.00	0.95	0.94	0.96	0.95	0.98	0.97	0.95	0.95	0.95	0.92	0.97	0.97	0.96	0.93	0.94
Government as a proportion of GNERD (%)	51.3	50.7	50.1	49.5	48.8	46.3	44.8	44.4	45.4	43.7	45.1	46.2	46.0	46.2	45.3	44.9	45.8	43.4	42.8	41.1	40.5
Gross national business enterprise expenditure on R&D (in €M)	12,769	13,307	13,468	13,916	14,373	15,025	15,865	16,618	17,166	18,897	19,082	18,505	19,088	19,733	21,193	22,116	22,866	24,561	25,668	27,377	28,841
as % of GDP	1.12	1.16	1.14	1.14	1.14	1.16	1.17	1.18	1.16	1.22	1.20	1.13	1.12	1.11	1.14	1.14	1.15	1.27	1.28	1.33	1.38
Business enterprises as a proportion of GNERD (%)	48.7	49.3	49.9	50.5	51.2	53.7	55.2	55.6	54.6	56.3	54.9	53.8	54.0	53.8	54.7	55.1	54.2	56.6	57.2	58.9	59.5
GERD (in €M)	25,821	26,484	26,764	27,302	27,836	27,756	28,319	29,529	30,954	32,887	34,527	34,569	35,693	36,228	37,904	39,303	41,066	41,758	43,469	45,112	46,545	47,159
as % of GDP	2.27	2.31	2.26	2.23	2.21	2.14	2.08	2.10	2.08	2.13	2.17	2.11	2.09	2.04	2.05	2.02	2.06	2.15	2.18	2.19	2.23	2.23
Intramural government expenditure on R&D(in €M) ¹	9,687	10,144	10,213	10,653	10,704	10,399	10,687	10,873	11,605	12,105	12,689	12,923	13,169	13,725	13,994	14,550	15,305	15,332	16,014	16,261	16,474	16,621
as % of GDP	0.85	0.88	0.86	0.87	0.85	0.80	0.79	0.77	0.78	0.78	0.80	0.79	0.77	0.77	0.76	0.75	0.77	0.79	0.80	0.79	0.79	0.79
Government as a proportion of GERD (%)	37.5	38.3	38.2	39.0	38.5	37.5	37.7	36.8	37.5	36.8	36.7	37.4	36.9	37.9	36.9	37.0	37.3	36.7	36.8	36.0	35.4	35.2
Intramural business enterprise expenditure on R&D (in €M)	16,134	16,340	16,551	16,649	17,131	17,357	17,632	18,655	19,348	20,782	21,839	21,646	22,523	22,503	23,911	24,753	25,761	26,426	27,455	28,851	30,071	30,538
as % of GDP	1.42	1.42	1.40	1.36	1.36	1.34	1.30	1.32	1.30	1.35	1.37	1.32	1.32	1.27	1.29	1.27	1.29	1.36	1.37	1.40	1.44	1.44
Business enterprises as a proportion of GERD (%)	62.5	61.7	61.8	61.0	61.5	62.5	62.3	63.2	62.5	63.2	63.3	62.6	63.1	62.1	63.1	63.0	62.7	63.3	63.2	64.0	64.6	64.8

^r Revised.
¹ Government and private non-profit sector (government, higher education and non-profit institutions).
² Change of methodology in relation to the previous year.
³ Change of methodology in relation to 2003, 2004 results revised in June 2008.
⁴ The results for business enterprises were revised in July 2008.
⁵ Final figures, change of methodology: since 2006, business enterprises employing less than 1 full-time equivalent (FTE) researcher have been included in the results.
⁶ Final figures.
⁷ Data revised in accordance with the methodology used in 2010.
⁸ Change of methodology for government estimates, final figures: the resources devoted to R&D by ministries and certain dedicated state research institutions were assessed using a new method that made it possible to more effectively distinguish their funding activities. This resulted in the estimate for GOVERD being revised downward by around €1 billion (including €850 million for defence) and headcount by 6,000 FTE posts (including 3,500 in defence).
⁹ Semi-finalised figures.