Entre 2010 et 2012, 35 % des entreprises françaises qui ont des activités d’innovation réalisent celles-ci avec des partenaires, notamment des clients ou des fournisseurs. Elles sont 14 % à coopérer avec la recherche publique. Cette propension à coopérer avec un partenaire public est plus élevée pour les entreprises des secteurs de haute technologie, les grandes entreprises et, quelle que soit leur taille, celles dont le marché est mondial. Les petites entreprises des services à forte intensité de savoir ont également une forte propension à coopérer avec la recherche publique.
À caractéristiques comparables, les entreprises coopérant avec la recherche publique ont une probabilité plus forte de déposer un brevet que celles qui le font avec un autre type de partenaire. Au total, les entreprises qui coopèrent avec la recherche publique pour innover apparaissent fortement innovatrices et présentes sur les marchés internationaux.
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes. Wherever the data permit, an international comparison is provided. A double page is devoted to each of the 50 themes, including a summary of the latest available data along with graphs, tables and comments.
En 2014, la dépense intérieure de recherche et développement (DIRD) s’établit à 47,9 milliards d’euros (Md€), soit une hausse de 0,6 Md€ par rapport à 2013. Corrigée de l’évolution des prix, la DIRD a progressé de 0,6 % en 2014. La DIRD des entreprises est en hausse de 1,2 % en volume, tandis que celle des administrations baisse de 0,4 %. L’effort de recherche, qui rapporte la DIRD au produit intérieur brut (PIB), se maintient à 2,24 % en 2014. Il a augmenté de 0,22 point depuis 2007.
En 2015, l’évolution de la DIRD devrait accélérer (+0,9 % en volume, après +0,6 % en 2014). La DIRD atteindrait 48,6 Md€. D’une part, la DIRD des entreprises maintiendrait son rythme de progression et augmenterait de 1,1 % en volume, pour atteindre 31,7 Md€. D’autre part, la DIRD des administrations augmenterait de 0,5 % en volume, et s’élèverait à 17,0 Md€. La hausse de la DIRD serait moins élevée que celle du PIB (+1,3 %). Ainsi, l’effort de recherche diminuerait légèrement, de 2,24 % à 2,23 %.
L’État de l’emploi scientifique 2016 correspond à une publication statistique biennale. Elle rassemble des études et statistiques permettant d'éclairer les différents domaines d'activité des personnels qui relèvent de l'emploi scientifique en France. Il couvre à la fois la recherche menée dans les organismes et les établissements d'enseignement supérieur et celle réalisée en entreprise.
La nouvelle édition 2016 permet de mieux connaître la recherche menée dans les organismes et les établissements d'enseignement supérieur et celle réalisée en entreprise. En effet, le rapport 2016 intègre une approche de l'emploi scientifique par grands champs disciplinaires avec une consolidation ou une mise en cohérence des données portant sur les établissements d'enseignement supérieur, les organismes de recherche (EPST/EPIC) et les entreprises.
Les données statistiques sont présentées selon des périmètres, conventions et unités communs, conformément aux conventions internationales édictées par le manuel de Frascati, dans les limites de la disponibilité des données.
En outre, au-delà de la seule observation statistique, la publication intègre une dimension prospective, qu'il s'agisse du vivier des chercheurs (doctorants) ou des projections de départs en retraite.
L'état de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche en France constitue un état des lieux annuel et chiffré du système français, de ses évolutions, des moyens qu’il met en œuvre et de ses résultats, en le situant, chaque fois que les données le permettent, au niveau international. Chacune des 50 fiches présente au moyen de graphiques, de tableaux et de commentaires, les dernières données de synthèse disponibles sur chaque sujet.
In 2013, gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) was €47.5 billion, up by 1.3% in real terms compared with 2012. The increase in GERD is due to an increase in business enterprise (+1.4%) and goverment expenditure on R&D (+1.0%). In 2013, R&D activities by businesses and government employed 418,000 people at full-time equivalent. The nation's research effort, which is the ration of GERD to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 2.24% in 2013. It should increase slightly in 2014 to reach 2.26%. GERD should increase by 0.7% in real terms in 2014 (estimate), at a higher rate than GDP (+0.2%).
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes. Wherever the data permit, an international comparison is provided. A double page is devoted to each of the 49 themes, including a summary of the latest available data along with graphs, tables and comments.
In 2013, gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) amounted to €47.5 billion, an increase of €1.0 billion compared with 2012. When corrected by inflation, GERD increased by 1.3% in 2013. Business enterprise GERD (BERD) rose by 1.4% in real terms, while government GERD (GOVERD) increased by 1.0%. Research effort, which is the ratio of GERD to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), amounted to 2.24% in 2013, compared with 2.23% in 2012. It has increased by 0.22 points since 2007.
In 2014, the growth in GERD should slow down (+0.7% in real terms) due to the lower growth in government and business expenditure. GOVERD should increase by 0.5% in real terms, reaching €16.9 billion. The increase in BERD should also slow down (+0.9% in real terms), amounting to €31.2 billion in 2014. However, at 2.26%, the nation's research effort should rise slightly once again.
In 2012, the Midi-Pyrénées was the French region most committed to research and development activities, with a research effort of 4.8% of GDP. The objective of the Europe 2020 strategy to devote 3% of GDP to research and development was also achieved in the Île-de-France region in 2011.
Businesses accounted for two-thirds of R&D expenditure, but this proportion varied between regions. The private sector share in R&D expenditure was particularly high in Franche-Comté, Haute-Normandie and Picardy. In the Midi-Pyrénées, Franche-Comté and Auvergne, business research activities were specialised in certain sectors, and over two-thirds was performed by large enterprises. Higher education institutions, in particular universities, ensured public research presence in every region. However, the regional breakdown of government expenditure on R&D depends on the location of the major research organisations.
Finland, Sweden and Denmark are the three European countries that have achieved the target of spending 3% of GDP on research and development expenditure (R&D). In France, research efforts amounted to 2.23% of GDP in 2012, placing them in 8th place in Europe.
Nineteen European Union countries still spend less than 2% of their GDP on research and development. Although the differences between European countries have reduced in recent years, large disparities still remain. Since 2003, France's research effort has increased by 0.18 points, an increase slightly below that of the 28 European Union countries (0.22 points). A large share of research expenditure is carried out by businesses with over 500 employees, in the manufacturing industries, which is characteristic of European countries in which the research effort is the greatest.
Within the framework of the “Europe 2020” strategy, the European Union has set itself the target of investing at least 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in research and development. In 2012, France was still below this target (2.2%). At the regional scale however, Midi-Pyrénées far exceeded this (4.8% of the regional GDP) and Île -de-France reached the target (3.0%). Franche-Comté and Rhône-Alpes were also very close to achieving it. In 2011, Midi-Pyrénées was the sixth European region in terms of research effort. In all regions in France, research was carried out primarily in enterprises. In general government, it was present in all regions, particularly through universities. Research jobs were concentrated in the large metropolitan areas to a greater extent than other jobs. Île-de-France hosted 40% of PhD students and a quarter of all students.
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes. Wherever the data permit, an international comparison is provided. A double page is devoted to each of the 49 themes, including a summary of the latest available data along with graphs, tables and comments.
According to provisional data, in 2013 intramural business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) by firms established in France stood at €30.9 billion. When corrected for price variations, BERD remained buoyant, rising 1.9% in one year. This progress was nevertheless slow in comparison to previous years (+2.9% in 2012, +4.1% in 2011 and +2.8% in 2010). The research effort of business enterprises, which is the ratio of BERD to gross domestic product (GDP), increased to reach 1.46% in 2013, after 1.44% in 2012.
In 2012, gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) stood at 46.5 billion euros (€bn), an increase of 1.9% in volume against 2011.
The rise in GERD was the result of a steady increase in business R&D expenditure, with government expenditure remaining stable. The country's research effort, measured as a ratio of GERD to gross domestic product (GDP), was 2.23% in 2012. It is likely to remain stable at 2.23% in 2013.
Due to a slowdown in business R&D expenditure, GERD is in fact likely to increase by 0.5% in volume in 2013 (provisional results), a rate that is only slightly higher than that of GDP.
In 2012, R&D activities in business enterprises and in government mobilised 412,000 full-time equivalent staff.
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes. Wherever the data permit, an international comparison is provided. A double page is devoted to each of the 47 themes, including a summary of the latest available data along with graphs, tables and comments.
