Higher Education, Research & Innovation, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes. Wherever the data permit, an international comparison is provided. A double page is devoted to each of the 52 themes, including a summary of the latest available data along with graphs, tables and comments.
En France, les entreprises emploient 12 500 chercheurs étrangers en personnes physiques (PP), effectif en progression depuis 2007 (+ 82 %).En 2015, ils représentent 5,5 % des chercheurs en entreprise contre 13,1 % pour la recherche publique. Près de la moitié sont des Européens, principalement de l’UE. Ils représentaient 59 % en 2007 et, sous l’effet de l’augmentation des autres continents, 47 % en 2015. La part des femmes parmi les étrangers, en hausse sur la période, est supérieure à celle de l’ensemble de chercheurs en entreprise (27 %, contre 20 %). Les chercheurs internationaux travaillent plus souvent dans des structures dont l’âge moyen des chercheurs est inférieur à la moyenne et qui sont spécialisées dans les services. Toutefois, selon leur origine géographique, leur représentation diffère particulièrement en fonction du secteur de recherche de l’entreprise.
En 2017, les collectivités territoriales déclarent avoir dépensé 1,57 milliard d’euros (Md€) au profit de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (ESR), soit un niveau identique à celui de 2016 (1,59 Md€).
L’État de l’emploi scientifique 2018 correspond à une publication statistique biennale. Elle rassemble des études et statistiques permettant d'éclairer les différents domaines d'activité des personnels qui relèvent de l'emploi scientifique en France. Il couvre à la fois la recherche menée dans les organismes et les établissements d'enseignement supérieur et celle réalisée en entreprise.
This publication presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes. Wherever the data permit, an international comparison is provided. A double page is devoted to each of the 51 themes, including a summary of the latest available data along with graphs, tables and comments.
L’enquête CollTerr 2017 a interrogé les collectivités territoriales sur la part de leur budget qu’elles consacrent à la recherche et transfert de technologie (R&T) et à l’enseignement supérieur et vie étudiante (ES&VE).
Elle concerne tous les niveaux territoriaux : régions, départements, EPCI à financement propre et communes. Le questionnement 2017 porte sur les exercices 2015, 2016 et les prévisions 2017. La cartographie présente, selon chaque niveau territorial, d’une part les budgets R&T et, d’autre part, ceux consacrés à l’ES&VE, en moyenne annuelle des trois exercices de l’enquête 2017 suivant les déclarations par les collectivités territoriales.
La cartographie présente, selon chaque niveau territorial, d’une part les budgets R&T et, d’autre part, ceux consacrés à l’ES&VE, en moyenne annuelle des trois exercices de l’enquête 2017 suivant les déclarations par les collectivités territoriales.
Les résultats sont issus de l’enquête réalisée en 2017 auprès des collectivités territoriales par le ministère en charge de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (MESRI). Les données 2016 sont semi-définitives.
L’effort déclaré en faveur de la recherche est plus important que celui dédié à l’enseignement supérieur.
Suite aux réformes territoriales, les actions en faveur de la recherche ralentissent en 2016
De 2015 à 2017, le budget R&T local privilégie le transfert de technologie et celui dédié à l’enseignement supérieur cible les opérations immobilière
Les collectivités territoriales de cinq territoires régionaux apportent, en moyenne par an, plus de 100 M€ à la R&T
Une concentration territoriale plus forte des dépenses en faveur de l’enseignement supérieur.
En 2015, parmi les 348 000 personnes travaillant en entreprise aux activités de recherche et développement (R&D) en France, 226 000 occupent la fonction de chercheur. La force de travail correspondante est de 166 000 chercheurs équivalents temps plein. Les chercheurs en entreprise sont relativement jeunes (la moitié ont moins de 39 ans), majoritairement des hommes (80 %) et issus d’une école d’ingénieur (à 56 % contre 12% de titulaires d’un doctorat). Cependant, ce profil moyen est dépendant de la taille de l’entreprise et surtout de son secteur de recherche. Environ 12 000 chercheurs de nationalité étrangère mènent leur activité R&D dans une entreprise implantée en France, soit 5 % des chercheurs en entreprise.
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes. Wherever the data permit, an international comparison is provided. A double page is devoted to each of the 49 themes, including a summary of the latest available data along with graphs, tables and comments.
L'état de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche en France constitue un état des lieux annuel et chiffré du système français, de ses évolutions, des moyens qu’il met en œuvre et de ses résultats, en le situant, chaque fois que les données le permettent, au niveau international. Chacune des 49 fiches présente au moyen de graphiques, de tableaux et de commentaires, les dernières données de synthèse disponibles sur chaque sujet.
En 2014, les femmes représentent 30 % des personnels travaillant, en France, au profit de la recherche et du développement expérimental (R&D). La part des postes occupés par les femmes est plus importante parmi les personnels de soutien (38 %) que parmi les chercheur.e.s (26 %). Cette observation, liée au niveau de qualification des personnels de recherche, se vérifie dans les administrations comme dans les entreprises.
En 2015, les collectivités territoriales déclarent consacrer près de 1,2 milliard d’euros (Md€ courants) à la recherche et au transfert de technologie (R&T). L’effort local en faveur de la R&T est stable depuis sept exercices (en euros constants)
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes. Wherever the data permit, an international comparison is provided. A double page is devoted to each of the 50 themes, including a summary of the latest available data along with graphs, tables and comments.
Après une forte croissance de 2004 à 2009, les dépenses des collectivités territoriales en faveur de la recherche et du transfert de technologie (R&T), se stabilisent à 1,2 milliard d’euros (Md€) par an jusqu’en 2014. 28 % de ces financements sont inscrits aux contrats de projets/ plan État-Région.
Le partage des compétences entre niveaux territoriaux, inscrit dans les lois relatives à la décentralisation – acte II -, explique la prédominance des régions : deux tiers du budget R&T annuel. Le niveau communal, par l’intermédiaire des intercommunalités qui se structurent, voit sa part augmenter progressivement. Dans une stratégie d’attractivité et de développement économique du territoire, les opérations immobilières et de transfert et aides à l’innovation des entreprises englobent 60 % du budget R&T.
L’effort des collectivités en faveur de la R&T, 19 € par habitant à partir de 2009, est réparti sur la France entière. L’organisation entre les niveaux territoriaux reste cependant propre à chaque région.
L’État de l’emploi scientifique 2016 correspond à une publication statistique biennale. Elle rassemble des études et statistiques permettant d'éclairer les différents domaines d'activité des personnels qui relèvent de l'emploi scientifique en France. Il couvre à la fois la recherche menée dans les organismes et les établissements d'enseignement supérieur et celle réalisée en entreprise.
La nouvelle édition 2016 permet de mieux connaître la recherche menée dans les organismes et les établissements d'enseignement supérieur et celle réalisée en entreprise. En effet, le rapport 2016 intègre une approche de l'emploi scientifique par grands champs disciplinaires avec une consolidation ou une mise en cohérence des données portant sur les établissements d'enseignement supérieur, les organismes de recherche (EPST/EPIC) et les entreprises.
Les données statistiques sont présentées selon des périmètres, conventions et unités communs, conformément aux conventions internationales édictées par le manuel de Frascati, dans les limites de la disponibilité des données.
En outre, au-delà de la seule observation statistique, la publication intègre une dimension prospective, qu'il s'agisse du vivier des chercheurs (doctorants) ou des projections de départs en retraite.
In 2013, 220,000 people were employed as researchers in business enterprises, either part-time or full-time.
The corresponding workforce is 162,000 full-time equivalent (FTE), or 61% of all researchers working in France. This proportion is much higher (+13 points) than the European average.
The professional activity of researchers in business enterprises has changed: in 2013, they devoted 73% of their average annual working time to R&D, compared to 95% up to 2005. In addition, they only benefit from 0.6 FTE support personnel per year to help them with their research work, half the level recorded in 2001. Researchers in business enterprises are relatively young (half are under 38 years of age), mostly male (80%) and engineering graduates (54% compared to 12% of PhD graduates).
However, this average profile depends on the size of the company and above all its research sector.
L'état de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche en France constitue un état des lieux annuel et chiffré du système français, de ses évolutions, des moyens qu’il met en œuvre et de ses résultats, en le situant, chaque fois que les données le permettent, au niveau international. Chacune des 50 fiches présente au moyen de graphiques, de tableaux et de commentaires, les dernières données de synthèse disponibles sur chaque sujet.
Research & development and technology transfer activities (R&T) are recognised as a necessary factor in economic growth. Local authorities, in particular regional authorities, make a significant contribution to creating and extending an environment that is favourable to innovation. Research funding by the various levels of local authority is generally modest compared to State budget expenditure in this area (8% of public funding). However, a continual effort is made to promote innovation and technology transfer at local level. In 2014, the budgets declared for R&T therefore amounted to €1.3 billion.
The amount budgeted by local authorities for R&T is guided by the national and European territorial planning policy through the State-region project contracts (CPER). It is also guided by the Competitiveness Clusters policy, and more recently by the Investing for the Future Programmes (Programmes Investissements d’Avenir - PIA). Similarly, in the context of the ERDF regional operational programmes, the European policy of support for innovation and economic cohesion has firstly led to the production of Regional Innovation Strategies (SRI) and, since 2014, Intelligent Specialisation Strategies (3S), which promote intelligent, sustainable, inclusive growth.
On average, this budget represents €19 per citizen. Although the regions are the main contributors (66%), the departments (15%), municipalities and inter-municipal institutions (19%) also devote a substantial budget to R&T. Property transactions account for 36% of R&T funding, half of which goes on State-region project contracts (CPER).
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes. Wherever the data permit, an international comparison is provided. A double page is devoted to each of the 49 themes, including a summary of the latest available data along with graphs, tables and comments.
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes. Wherever the data permit, an international comparison is provided. A double page is devoted to each of the 49 themes, including a summary of the latest available data along with graphs, tables and comments.
Research and technology transfer (R&T) are acknowledged as necessary for economic development. Territorial authorities, especially the regions, make a significant contribution to creating and expanding an environment that fosters innovation, even though research funding by the different territorial levels remains fairly modest overall (8% of public funding. See chap. 2.1) compared with government expenditure in this area. Nevertheless, from 2007 to 2013, budgets declared for R&T increased by 42%. In 2013, they stood at €1.34 billion.
Since 2003, the annual survey of R&T budgets carried out by the Information Systems and Statistical Studies Department (Systèmes d’information et études statistiques -SIES) of the French Ministry of Education, Higher Education and Research (Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - MENESR) (MENESR - SCSESR - SIES - A2.3) provides a measurement of funds allocated or spent by territorial authorities in support of research.
In 2011, 148,000 researchers (full-time equivalent [FTE]) were employed in research in business enterprises, almost 50,000 more than in the public sector. Between 2001 and 2011, the number of researchers in the private sector increased significantly (60,000 more FTEs) especially in market services research where numbers almost tripled.
While the population of researchers increased significantly, the number of supporting staff decreased, as did the overhead allocated to research.
As a result, the 'global' cost of a researcher (measured as the ratio of intramural business enterprise R&D expenditure to number of researchers) decreased substantially over the decade, mainly due to the drop in the level of support from supporting staff.
The research population in business enterprises remained young, with most being trained in engineering schools. There were fewer women (one in five researchers).
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures presents an annual overview, backed up by figures, of developments within the French system, its resources and outcomes. Wherever the data permit, an international comparison is provided. A double page is devoted to each of the 47 themes, including a summary of the latest available data along with graphs, tables and comments.
In 2010, there were 315,000 researchers or research engineers in France: 82,000 were women, 233,500 were men. The number of female researchers has been increasing since 2007, but less sharply than the number of men. There are more female researchers in government than in business enterprises. This is not the case among men.
The 6th edition of Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures provides an annual overview, backed up by figures, of the French higher education and research system, with its changes, resources and outcomes. These data are provided by the statistical departments of various Ministries, for example the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Education and the Ministries for the Economy and Finance, but also from other organisations such as the Centre for Study and Research in Training and Education Policy, the National Observatory of Student Life, the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies, the Science and Technology Observatory, and the OECD.
Research and technology transfer (R&T) are acknowledged as necessary for economic development. Territorial authorities, in particular the regions, make a significant contribution to creating and expanding an environment that fosters innovation, even though research funding by the different territorial levels remains fairly modest overall (7% of public funding) compared with government expenditure in this area (see Box, page 11). Budget expenditure on R&T is mainly related to spatial planning policy through State-region project contracts (Contrats de projet Etat-régions - CPER)). It is also included in competitiveness cluster policy and the set-up of higher education and research clusters (Pôles de recherche et d’enseignement supérieur - PRES) and more recently in the "Investments for the Future" programme (Progamme Investissements d’avenir" - PIA). However, these are not the only form of local action devoted to R&T. Through regional innovation or economic development strategies, the regions define subject-specific or organisational priority areas for which they are particularly keen to provide support. In this way, territorial authorities are directly involved in funding public or private research projects, training through research, as well as laboratories and technology transfer structures (technology platforms, incubators). These economic development actions extend beyond the scope of skills transfer required by the decentralisation laws. Since 2003, budgets allocated or spent by territorial authorities in support of research can be measured by the annual survey on R&T budgets.
Since 2008, territorial authorities have spent more than one billion euros each year on research and technology transfer (R&T). With 60% of R&T budgets being spent on real estate transactions and technology transfer, the territorial authorities of all levels work together in a concerted fashion to strengthen a region's innovation potential and attractiveness. When they finance R&D work directly, the authorities tend to favour first and foremost research in higher education and local SMEs. From 2007 to 2010, an average of €349 million was spent per year on the research branch of the State-region project contract (¦Contrat de projet État-région - ¦CPER). Through this contract, 42% of real estate funding went to university buildings. The regional councils provided 69% of R&T budgets for metropolitan areas, or 748 million euros per year on average from 2007 to 2010. They devoted 15% of their R&T budget to competitiveness clusters.
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures provides an annual overview, backed up by figures, of the French higher education and research system, in order to show where the country stands internationally and to monitor changes, especially over the long term.
Funding, human resources, access to higher education, study paths, pass rates, qualifications, integration of graduates into working life, student life, research in biotechnology or nanotechnology, participation in FP7, publications, patents, etc. - all these topics are covered in the 42 fact sheets that make up the 5th edition (2011) of this work.
In 2008, the Île-de-France region retained its predominant role in research and development. However, setting aside size effects, a combination of various indicators regarding the level and structure of public and private research in the regions provides an alternative cartography, revealing four groups with relatively similar behaviours: regions with a strong research potential, regions where public research and SMEs are particularly active, regions with a profile similar to the average, and regions where research is primarily carried out by business enterprises and where public research is done primarily by universities. One region, isolated because of the degree of specialisation of its R&D activities, makes up a fifth group. The French regions are mainly differentiated from one another by the weight in public research of state-owned industrial and commercial establishments (¦Établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial - ¦EPIC) and universities, and by the importance of high technology in private research.
In 2007, more than 137,000 researchers were carrying out R&D activities in a business enterprise. They numbered only 81,000 in 1997, and there are now almost as many researchers in business enterprises as their counterparts in government. Two thirds are concentrated in six economic sectors: electronic components, computer services, automobile industry, aeronautics, measuring instruments and pharmaceuticals. The significant increase in the number of researchers in business enterprises in the last ten years has primarily been focused in computer services. This is a young and mainly masculine population. In 2007, their average age was under 40. More than half of these researchers were trained in engineering schools. Women are younger, on average, with more qualifications than the men.
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures 2010 provides an annual overview, backed up by figures, of the French higher education and research system, in order to show where the country stands internationally and to monitor changes, especially over the long term. Funding, human resources, access to higher education, pass rates, qualifications, integration of graduates into working life, student life, research in biotechnology or nanotechnology, participation in FP7, publications, patents, etc. - all these topics are covered in the 35 fact sheets that make up the 4th edition (2010) of this work.
As in previous editions, this 4th edition of The State of Higher Education and Research presents a detailed overview, backed up by figures, of current developments within the French system, the resources it deploys and its outcomes, situating it, wherever data permit, in relation to its international counterparts.
Higher Education and Research, Facts and Figures provides an annual overview, backed up by figures, of the French higher education and research system, in order to show where the country stands internationally and to monitor changes, especially over the long term. Funding, human resources, access to higher education, pass rates, qualifications, integration of graduates into working life, student life, research in biotechnology or nanotechnology, participation in FP7, publications, patents, etc. - all these topics are covered in the 35 fact sheets that make up the 3rd edition (2009) of this work.
